Bioassay- B.pharmacy 3rd year pharmacology-2 notes

 Bioassay- B.pharmacy 3rd year pharmacology-2 notes

Bioassay- B.pharmacy 3rd year pharmacology-2 notes

Bioassay definition:-  Bioassay is defined as a comparative assessment of relative potency

Bioassay is the process of determining the concentration or strength of an object by its effect on living animals or plants (in vivo), or in living cells or tissues (in vitro). The bioassay can be price or price, direct or indirect. If the rated response is second, the assay is quantal, if not, it is volume.

the bioassay may be used to identify biological hazards or to provide compound quality tests. Bioassay is often used to monitor water quality and discharge of wastewater and its impact on the environment. It is also used to assess the impact of space and the safety of new technologies and services.

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Bioassay biological experiments to measure the strength of a sample compound. Usually this strength can only be measured in accordance with a common combination. A typical bioassay involves stimulation (e.g. drugs) applied to the subject (e.g. animals, tissues, plants). The corresponding response (e.g. death) of a topic is initiated and rated.

History

The first use of bioassay dates back to the late 19th century, when the foundation of the bioassay was laid by German physician Paul Ehrlich. Introduces the concept of measurement by the reaction of an organism. His bioassay with antitoxin diphtheria was the first bioassay to gain recognition. His use of the bioassay was able to find that the administration of the gradual increase in diphtheria in animals stimulated the production of antiserum.

One well-known example of a bioassay is exploring the "canary in a coal mine". To provide an early warning of the dangerous levels of methane in the air, miners would take methane-resistant tunnels to coal mines. If the canary died as a result of methane formation, miners would leave the area as soon as possible.

Many early examples of bioassays used animals to diagnose chemical cancer. In 1915, Yamaigiwa Katsusaburo and Koichi Ichikawa tested the carcinogenicity of coal tar using the inside of the rabbit ears.

From the 1940's to the 1960's, animal tests were used primarily to test the toxicity and safety of drugs, dietary supplements, and pesticides.

From the late 1960s and 1970s, reliance on bioassay experiments increased as public concern for occupational and environmental hazards increased.

Categories

Direct testing

In direct assessment, the motivation used in the article is clear and can be directly measured, and the response to that motivation is recorded. Divergence of interest is a special motivation needed to produce an interest response (e.g. death of a topic).

Indirect testing

In indirect tests, motivation is prepared in advance and feedback is measured in lessons. Differences in interest in the test are the answer to the fixed interest stimulus.

Multiple response: The rate at which we remove it is at a continuous level (e.g. blood sugar content).

Evaluation response: Response is binary; is the determination of whether an event occurs or not (e.g. the death of a title).

ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)

ELISA is a quantitative analysis method that measures the absorption of color changes from antigen-antibody responses (e.g. direct, indirect, sandwich, competition). ELISA is used to measure a variety of factors in the human body, from low cortisol levels to glucose levels in diabetes.

Home pregnancy test

A home pregnancy test uses ELISA to detect an increase in human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) during pregnancy.

HIV testing

HIV testing uses indirect ELISA to detect antibodies caused by infection.

Natural bioassays

Natural bioassays are usually a comprehensive list of toxins. A toxicity test is performed to determine which toxic substances are appropriate. Although bioassay experiments are useful in determining the biological function of an organism, they can often be time-consuming and tedious. Certain biological factors may cause some data to fail in some of these types. For these reasons, other biological methods are commonly used, including radioimmunoassays. See bioindicator.

Requirements to control water pollution in the United States require that some dumpsters and municipal sewage industries produce bioassays. These procedures, called contaminated toxins filled with contaminated water, include potentially toxic testing and chronic testing methods. Methods involve exposing aquatic organisms to wastewater samples over a period of time. Another example is the ECOTOX bioassay, which uses the microalgae Euglena gracilis to test the toxicity of water samples.